We did not find any significant difference in the levels of these biomarkers in the placebo group. Clinically, these results imply that enhancement of HDL functionality is well correlated with improvement of blood pressure and visceral fat mass. These results are in good agreement with our previous report in which male subjects showed a reduction of visceral fat mass and blood pressure after 8 weeks of policosanol consumption [ 9 ].
Additionally, this study measured the important biomarkers such as renin and aldosterone, which are previously known parameters that could associate with increased risk of hypertension and CVD. Therefore, the study result could determine the appropriateness and authenticity with respect to the study design, recruitment, and number of participants used in this study.
The present study tested the effects of policosanol on biomarkers of HDL functionality, including cellular cholesterol efflux, insulin secretion, CETP activity, paraoxonase activity, and apoA-I level, after 8 weeks of policosanol consumption.
Improvement of HDL functionality was associated with lowered blood pressure and inhibition of CETP activity in female prehypertension subjects. Suk-Jeong Kim and Dhananjay Yadav performed the experiments. Macrophages were treated with radiolabeled cholesterol. BI: band intensity. Supplementary Figure 2: insulin secretion activity of rHDL-containing policosanol.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Published online Apr Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Kyung-Hyun Cho: rk. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Policosanol has been reported to improve blood pressure, lipid profile, and HDL functionality via inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein CETP both in vitro and in vivo in zebrafish and human models.
Introduction It is well known that elevation of serum HDL-C levels is an effective strategy for suppressing the incidence of aging-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease CVD , diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease [ 1 ]. Materials and Methods 2. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Study Design This study was a double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial with 8-week treatment periods. Measurement of Blood Pressure Blood pressure was measured each visit for three times, and the average was recorded at 4-week intervals using three methods.
Measurement of Augmentation Index and Augmentation Pressure Augmentation index, which is the difference between the second and first systolic peaks expressed as a percentage of the pulse pressure, is a measure of systemic arterial stiffness and wave reflection, as described previously [ 18 ]. Plasma Analysis Blood was obtained from the subjects following overnight fasting. Results 3. Table 1 Change of blood pressure and plasma profile after 8 weeks consumption. Figure 2. Antioxidative Extent of Lipoproteins After 8 weeks of policosanol consumption, LDL from the policosanol group showed slower electromobility following cupric ion-mediated oxidation and agarose electrophoresis, as shown in Figure 3 a , whereas LDL from the control group showed faster electromobility.
Figure 3. Figure 4. Glycation Extent of Lipoproteins After 8 weeks of policosanol consumption, the policosanol group showed a significantly lowered glycation extent in all lipoprotein fractions, as shown in Figure 5 a. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Insulin Secretion Under basal and high glucose conditions final concentrations of 2. Figure 8. Discussion In the current study, 8 weeks of policosanol consumption resulted in a reduction in blood pressure and visceral fat amount in healthy female subjects with prehypertension.
Conclusions The present study tested the effects of policosanol on biomarkers of HDL functionality, including cellular cholesterol efflux, insulin secretion, CETP activity, paraoxonase activity, and apoA-I level, after 8 weeks of policosanol consumption.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interests. Click here for additional data file. References 1. Rye K. The metabolism and anti-atherogenic properties of HDL.
Journal of Lipid Research. Cho K. Biomedicinal implications of high-density lipoprotein: its composition, structure, functions, and clinical applications. BMB Reports. Dragan S. Can we change the functionality of HDL cholesterol with nonpharmacological and pharmacological agents? Current Medicinal Chemistry. Gouni-Berthold I. Policosanol: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic significance of a new lipid-lowering agent. American Heart Journal. A pharmacological surveillance study of the tolerability of policosanol in the elderly population.
The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy. Janikula M. Policosanol: a new treatment for cardiovascular disease? Policosanol Alternative Medicine Review. Lim S. Enhancement of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol functions by encapsulation of policosanol exerts anti-senescence and tissue regeneration effects via improvement of anti-glycation, anti-apoptosis, and cholesteryl ester transfer inhibition.
Rejuvenation Research. Lee E. Anti-aging and tissue regeneration ability of policosanol along with lipid-lowering effect in hyperlipidemic zebrafish via enhancement of high-density lipoprotein functionality. Kim J. Consumption of policosanol enhances HDL functionality via CETP inhibition and reduces blood pressure and visceral fat in young and middle-aged subjects. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. Kaup R. Antidiabetic effects of a standardized Egyptian rice bran extract.
Phytotherapy Research. Berthold H. Effect of policosanol on lipid levels among patients with hypercholesterolemia or combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. Francini-Pesenti F. Effect of sugar cane policosanol on lipid profile in primary hypercholesterolemia. Gong J. Efficacy and safety of sugarcane policosanol on dyslipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Discrepancy of blood pressure between the brachial artery and radial artery. World Journal of Emergency Medicine. These results suggest that policosanol consumption for 24 weeks significantly reduced aortic BP as well as brachial peripheral BP in a dose-dependent manner. Table 2 indicates the changes of blood profile after 24 weeks of therapy. Homocysteine level was also similar between the groups at weeks 0 and At week 0, group 3 Table 2 showed the highest renin level while groups 1 and 2 showed similar renin levels.
ACE activity was unchanged after 24 weeks, and all groups showed similar level of around 30—34 units at weeks 0 and We studied correlations between brachial BP and lipid profiles based on Pearson's correlation coefficient. The study did not find any significance between BP and lipid profiles after 24 weeks of placebo therapy Table 3. Table 3. Pearson's correlation analysis at the baseline and after 24 weeks in the placebo group Group 1.
None of the other parameters showed statistical significance. The study did not observe any significant values when correlating DBP with lipid parameters. Table 4. Pearson's correlation analysis at the baseline and after 24 weeks of consuming policosanol 10 mg Group 2. Table 5. Pearson's correlation analysis at the baseline and after 24 weeks of consuming policosanol 20 mg Group 3. After 24 weeks of policosanol therapy at a concentration of 20 mg, the correlation between BP and lipid profile in the group 3 was significantly improved compared to group 1 and group 2.
After 24 weeks of therapy with 10 mg of policosanol group 2 , the correlation between central aortic pressure and the lipid profile improved slightly. In group 3, significance level in the correlation study was improved in comparison with group 1 and 2 and central SBP was significantly related to DBP.
At week 0, LDL from all groups moved to the bottom of the gel with similar electromobilities Figure 2B. Oxidized LDL moved faster to the cathode position due to an increased negative charge and apo-B fragmentation. At 24 weeks electromobilities of LDL from groups 2 and 3, were much slower compared with week 0, suggesting less production of negatively charged molecules and less fragmentation of apo-B in LDL.
Figure 2. Comparison of LDL oxidation extent before and after policosanol therapy. A Determination of oxidized species using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method in LDL 1 mg of protein in the presence of cupric ion at weeks 0 and B Comparison of electromobility of LDL between week 0 and 24 with cupric ion in 0.
After 24 weeks of policosanol consumption, the policosanol groups showed significantly lowered glycation extent in the HDL 2 and HDL 3 fractions, as shown in Figure 3. These results suggest that glycation extent of HDL was more reduced by policosanol consumption at both 10 and 20 mg. Figure 3. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis for HDL 3 revealed that the apoA-I band position was slightly lower in after 24 weeks especially in groups 2 and 3, suggesting that electromobility was altered by policosanol consumption due to less glycation Figure 3C.
Immunodetection with apoA-I antibody revealed that apoA-I band intensities in groups 2 and 3 increased by 1. More interestingly, at week 0, groups 2 and 3 showed stronger band intensities for multimerized apoA-I such as dimer and trimer.
However, multimeric band intensities were reduced at week 24, suggesting less glycation occurred in the policosanol group. This study was a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effects of Cuban policosanol on BP and serum lipids in healthy participants who had pre-hypertension. The current results show that 24 weeks of policosanol consumption resulted in significant lowering of brachial peripheral BP and central aortic BP in a dose-dependent manner as well as lowering of serum renin and aldosterone levels in pre-hypertensive participants.
Policosanol treatment group in a long-term significantly lowered the LDL-C The treatment was well-tolerated; no drug-related clinical or biochemical adverse effects AEs were observed Castano et al. The exact mechanism of policosanol on the lowering of lipid levels and blood pressure has not been clearly identified. However, some studies have evaluated that the action of policosanol involves various pathways such as activation of AMP-kinase, down—regulation of HMG-CoA reductase, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition Mccarty, ; Singh et al.
In placebo and participants consumed 10 mg of policosanol group, the lipid parameters and biomarkers did not vary when comparing values at baseline and after 24 weeks of therapy except for a significant lowering of total cholesterol in group 2 after 24 weeks of 10 mg of policosanol consumption. Within the same group, renin and aldosterone levels were reduced at 24 weeks compared to values at baseline.
Previous studies reported a positive association of circulatory renin and aldosterone levels with hypertension Tomaschitz et al. Moreover, basic and clinical studies strongly suggested an association of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system RAAS with pathogenesis of hypertension Perticone et al. Therefore, our study investigated the role of renin and aldosterone hormone in determining the plasma levels of the participants before and after policosanol therapy. Our study reported that consumption of 20 mg of policosanol for 24 weeks resulted in significant lowering of renin and aldosterone levels.
There was a slight reduction in the levels of ACE in group 3 after 24 weeks, although the change was not significant. The concentration of homocysteine was not altered in any group after 24 weeks of therapy. This result is corroborated by a previous finding in which participants with metabolic syndrome showed no direct relationship between homocysteine and RAAS Zacharieva et al. However, homocysteine levels are independently associated with risk of causing hypertension, as demonstrated from previous studies Wang et al.
Our study evaluated the MAP, which is more advantageous in diagnosing hypertension and related morbidity. Group 1 did not show any significant difference in MAP after 24 weeks of study. A higher MAP is correlated with higher incidence of hypertension Sesso et al. Consumption of policosanol for 24 weeks resulted in significant reduction of central aortic SBP and DBP, indicating that policosanol could lower burden on the left ventricle and risk of CVD.
Central aortic pressure is subjected to higher alteration by allopathic drugs than peripheral BP. For management of hypertension, antihypertensive drugs show differential effects on central pressure compared to their effects on brachial pressure Morgan et al.
Dhakam et al. Hypertension treatment based on central BP is more useful than brachial pressures as discussed in recent reports Sharman et al. We previously reported that policosanol could inhibit glycation and oxidation in vitro Lee et al. OxLDL is a potent inflammatory trigger of atherosclerosis and vascular complications. Policosanol consumption at both 10 and 20 mg resulted in less production of oxLDL Figure 2. Few reports on policosanol administration in animals such as in rat and rabbits exhibited a beneficial effects on plaque composition, stability and preventive effects on atherosclerotic lesions including form cell formation Noa et al.
However, the beneficial effects of policosanol on atherosclerosis development in human remain to be elucidated and future studies are needed to explore whether policosanol reduces the progression of atherosclerosis. The pathological mechanism of glycation is initiated by non-enzymatic attachment of carbohydrates to blood proteins, especially hemoglobin, and lipoproteins Nawale et al. It is well-known that glycation promotes development of aging and metabolic syndrome, including premature atherosclerosis via damage of key proteins.
Glycation reduces stability of apoA-I, causing impairment of functionality in type 2 diabetes patients Kashyap et al. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of policosanol administered for 12 months on the lipid profile of older patients with hypertension and type II hypercholesterolaemia and no history of coronary heart disease CHD or cerebrovascular disease. Patients and participants: older male and female patients with hypertension and type II hypercholesterolaemia and no history of CHD or cerebrovascular disease were included.
You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions. With medical big data and AI algorithms, eHealthMe enables everyone to run phase IV clinical trial to detect adverse drug outcomes and monitor effectiveness. Among them, 11 people Policosanol has active ingredients of policosanol.
It is often used in high blood cholesterol. High blood pressure is found to be associated with 4, drugs and 4, conditions by eHealthMe. You can discuss the study with your doctor, to ensure that all drug risks and benefits are fully discussed and understood.
The study uses data from the FDA.
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