Hence the LED allows the flow of current in the forward direction and blocks the current in the reverse direction. The LED occupies a small area which is less than 1 mm 2. The applications of LEDs used to make various electrical and electronic projects. In this article, we will discuss the working principle of the LED and its applications.
The lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a specially doped diode and made up of a special type of semiconductors. When the light emits in the forward biased, then it is called a light-emitting diode. The LED symbol is similar to a diode symbol except for two small arrows that specify the emission of light, thus it is called LED light-emitting diode. The LED symbol is shown below. The construction of LED is very simple because it is designed through the deposition of three semiconductor material layers over a substrate.
These three layers are arranged one by one where the top region is a P-type region, the middle region is active and finally, the bottom region is N-type. The three regions of semiconductor material can be observed in the construction.
In the construction, the P-type region includes the holes; the N-type region includes elections whereas the active region includes both holes and electrons. When the voltage is not applied to the LED, then there is no flow of electrons and holes so they are stable. Once the voltage is applied then the LED will forward biased, so the electrons in the N-region and holes from P-region will move to the active region. This region is also known as the depletion region. Because the charge carriers like holes include a positive charge whereas electrons have a negative charge so the light can be generated through the recombination of polarity charges.
The light-emitting diode simply, we know as a diode. Soon after the electrons are moving from the n-type to the p-type silicon, it combines with the holes, then it disappears. The above diagram shows how the light-emitting diode works and the step by step process of the diagram. LEDs were invented in the year but not a new invention.
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If you decide to use overtime hours to meet the schedule, you must weigh that against the limitations of your budget. Assemble Your Project Team: Get the people on your team together and start a dialog. They are the technical experts.
That's why their functional supervisor assigned them to the project. Your job is to manage the team. Detail the Work, Part 1: What are the major pieces or components that have to be created to complete the project.
For example, a wedding reception requires at a high level: a reception hall, food, drink, a cake, guests and entertainment. Of course, each of those larger items can be broken down into many additional items. That is the next step. Work with your team members to spell out the details necessary to achieve each major item. The person in charge of food must understand the options, the cost limitations and make selections that support achieving the scope.
How many levels deep you go of more and more detailed steps depends on the size and complexity of your project. A good way to do this is to use a precedence table identifying what items must precede other items. Formal project management practices call for developing what is termed a network diagram and identifying the critical path. While this may be beyond your needs or knowledge level, the core issue is to sequence the activities in the right order and then allocate resources against the activities.
Questions to ask include: What happens first? What is the next step? Which steps can go on at the same time with different resources? Who is going to do each step? How long will it take? There are many excellent software packages available that can automate a lot of this detail for you. Ask others in similar positions what they use.
Adjust your timelines and work schedules to fit the project into the available time. Make any necessary adjustments to the preliminary plan to produce a baseline plan. Your job is to do more with the limited resources than people expect. However, there are often limits placed on a project that are simply unrealistic. You need to make your case and present it to your boss and request these unrealistic limits be changed.
Ask for the changes at the beginning of the project. Don't wait until it's in trouble to ask for the changes you need. However, if your project involves a wedding, do not expect to be successful asking for many significant changes!
You have a plan for driving to work every morning. If one intersection is blocked by an accident, you change your plan and go a different way. Do the same with your project plans. Change them as needed, but always keep the scope and resources in mind. That will make it easier to catch issues before they become problems. Every time you change from your baseline plan, write down what the change was and why it was necessary. Every time a new requirement is added to the project write down where the requirement came from and how the timeline or budget was adjusted because of it.
You can't remember everything, so write them down so you'll be able to look them up at the end-of-project review and learn from them. Let them know of your success as you complete each milestone, but also inform them of problems as soon as they come up. Also keep you team informed. If changes are being considered, tell the team about them as far ahead as you can. Make sure everyone on the team is aware of what everyone else is doing.
Change in mind A change in the mindset of the executives and professionals and performance related management are required to have the steps and authority synchronized in the entire project processing cycle format the challenges of aid effectiveness. Smart People Without the right team in place, any strategy and plan has the potential of completely falling apart.
Because of this, the core project staff, expert resources, suppliers and all stakeholders should be part of the team dynamic. All of those involved must have commitment to the group, share similar visions for the projects and strive for overall success. Smart Planning Comprehensive planning sets up a project for success from the start. All stakeholders should be on board during the planning process and always know in which direction the project is going to go.
Planning can help the team to meet deadlines and stay organized. Good planning not only keeps the project team focused and on track, but also keeps stakeholders aware of project progress. There are many benefits to smart planning. This first step in the project process allows for a reliable and realistic time-scale to be created.
Open Communication Looking closely at details and listening to outside sources of information is vital to the success of a project. Keeping open communication within the team is absolutely essential. When working under a specific timetable, it is important that the team remains well-informed. If a problem arises on one part of a project, it can negatively impact other parts as well. Communication is the best way to prevent problems from occurring. Communication should also be focused internally within the organization.
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