Various attributes of the board however produced varying nature of relationships with firm return on assets used as the measure of performance. Board composition and frequency of board meetings were found to have positive relationship with performance while board size showed a negative relationship with firm performance among the insurance companies. A synopsis of these prior studies suggests that the debate on the relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance remain inconclusive.
General consensus is yet to be reached as to the influence of corporate governance on organizational performance, pointing to the need to carry out further research on the relationship between the two variables. Methodology The study adopted a pragmatic paradigm with a focus on eight purposively selected universities based on webometric rankings. The first four public and four private universities ranked in positions one to four were selected in each category.
It adopted an explanatory survey research design which is highly recommended for studies involving testing of research hypotheses that specify the nature and direction of the relationships between or among variables being studied and allows statistical analysis of data, which are inherent characteristics of this study.
Structured questionnaire segregated along five main sections was used to collect primary data analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results are presented in tables. Results The objective of the study was to establish the effect of corporate governance on the performance of universities in Kenya. Response Return Rate Out of the two hundred and forty eight questionnaires administered, one hundred and sixty two dully filled were returned, realizing a return rate of Data was collected within a period of three weeks.
Two telephone call reminders were also made to the respondents within the collection period. Saunders et al. Some respondents did not participate in the study citing lack of time to fill the questionnaires while others refused to participate without giving any reasons. Validity was confirmed by calculating scale validity index at 0. Majority, Only Regarding the years of service in their current administrative positions, majority, Another One respondent representing 0.
This means that majority of the respondents had covered strategic planning period while serving in their current positions and therefore had most likely undertaken strategic decision making roles within the framework of corporate governance and organizational performance. Correlation Results The broad objective of the study was to establish whether corporate governance has effect on the performance of universities in Kenya. Correlation analysis aimed at identifying the direction and strength of the relationship among the main variables in the study.
In order to examine the relationship, Pearson Product Moment Coefficient technique was applied to establish whether the two variables of the study were highly correlated as to inflate outcomes. Inflated outcomes should be avoided to improve credibility of research findings.
According to Hair et al. Table 1 presents summary results of correlation analysis. The strength and direction of the relationship is moderate and positive respectively.
Overall, the results demonstrate that the practice of good corporate governance is an effective way of improving performance outcomes in universities. Results for test of hypothesis Data composite indices from indicators for both corporate governance and performance of universities were obtained and subjected to simple regression analysis. This was preceded with analysis of individual corporate governance indicator effect on performance of universities where the individual effect of accountability, transparency and ethics on performance of universities was analyzed.
Results are presented in tables 2. R2 Std. Error of Estimate. Regression 1 Model Equation Coefficient Error Constant The results thus reveal that accountability explains The results are consistent with observations by Monyoncho that lack of accountability in Kenyan universities had created fertile grounds for corrupt and unethical tendencies and inefficiencies in the appointment and selection of university leaders and delivery of academic programmes which in turn negatively impacted on performance of the institutions in general.
In his analysis of the effect of accountability in higher education based on an annual mandatory exam policy ENC for every senior college student from a certain list of disciplines in Brazil, Rezende observed that the ENC policy had improved university and college quality, increased the ratio of applicants for admissions and further increased the number of faculty members in institutions of higher learning.
Training school committees to monitor teachers increased learning program effectiveness. Inconsistent results were however reported by Ndwiga who found that the effect of accountability as an aspect of corporate governance on organizational performance was statistically insignificant among companies listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange, signifying a lack of consensus among studies about the relationship and effect of accountability on organizational performance.
The results indicate that transparency explains Findings from the analysis support those in previous studies. Andrabi et al. The study reported a positive relationship between financial, board and social disclosure and return on equity ROI.
Waduge however found a statistically insignificant relationship between transparency in reporting and performance of among Australian universities, indicating inconsistency of findings regarding the relationship and effect of transparency on organizational performance.
Regression The results therefore demonstrate that ethics explains The results are consistent with observations by Taaliu, that cases of admission of students into universities in Kenya without meeting the minimum entry requirements and contracting fellow students to help them do their academic work like writing research theses and projects were as a result of poor work ethics in the universities. Msanze also observed that unethical conduct was significantly related to poor performance of an organization whereas not having a code of ethics was found by Persons to increase the likelihood of poorer financial performance among firms in America.
Thus, the results reveal a goodness of fit for the regression model. Consequently, the results reveal that corporate governance explains Therefore, from the results, the hypothesis that corporate governance has no significant effect on performance of universities in Kenya is rejected.
Corporate governance has significant effect on performance of universities in Kenya. This finding is consistent with those of earlier studies Ndwiga, ; Kamau, ; Gregg, ; Letting, ; Gompers et al. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that first, universities in Kenya have put in place various accountability, transparency and ethics mechanisms meant to institutionalize corporate governance to propel effective performance of the institutions.
Secondly, it is concluded that the practice of corporate governance among Kenyan universities is still generally weak and therefore require strengthening. Lastly, the study concludes that corporate governance is positively and significantly related to organizational performance and that corporate governance significantly affects performance of universities in Kenya.
Overall in this objective, the researcher concludes that corporate governance is a vital framework for effective performance of organizations and therefore universities that practice effective corporate governance have the advantage of improving their performance significantly.
In particular, the government through the Commission for University Education should enhance surveillance on university managers to ensure compliance with the Universities Act, and the Universities Standards and Guidelines, which provide governance framework for all universities in Kenya.
Questions have been raised in recent times pointing to noncompliance with both the Act and the guidelines, effectively compromising the quality of university education in Kenya. A Study on Selected Banks in Rwanda.
American Economic Review, 6 : Greener Journal of Educational Research. Role of Corporate Governance in Strategic Management. Ballantyne, C. Baruch, Y. Human Relations, 61 8. Bhimani, A. Making Corporate Governance Count. The Fusion of Ethics and Economic Rationality. This could be in their power as a majority electorate and also in their aspirations to take the reins of leadership. These call for the need to understand leadership objectively and within the Ethiopian context with the sole goal of educating, enlightening and empowering Ethiopian's next generation of leaders.
So, the researcher of this study strongly believes that Government leadership and stakeholders are one of the most important areas that need for the realization and practical existence of practical good governance at all levels. Statement of the problem Leadership involves complex activities to be performed for the utilization of resources towards the desired objectives of an organization. Leadership is the process of planning, organization, leading and controlling the work of organization member and of using organizational resources to achieve the intended organizational goals.
Leadership is concerned with the process of carrying out organizational functions and utilization of the resource of all kinds to achieve the desired objections of an organization Adane, The leadership and stakeholders are very broad and multidimensional concept.
Government leaders face numerous challenges to achieve the intended goals. They face challenges in relation to political, economic, socio-cultural and staffing trends.
The leadership has engaged in multiple ways to address this challenge. However, this study is focused only on some of the role of government leadership and stakeholders in solving the challenges of good governance in Ethiopia: In case of Addis Ketema Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The success of development is dependent on good governance; therefore, it is an essential precondition to ensure positive changes particularly in developing nations like Ethiopia.
Currently, the government of Ethiopia has given special emphasis, preparing GTP II and its implementation strategies, undertaken the deep renewal and the fifth year's performance evaluation programs of leadership from top to down, principles of good governance into ground in all the sectors of the economy. Therefore, the role of leadership to solve the challenges of good governance, in the country, is assumed to play a key role in increasing public trust and allocation of public resources in an efficient and effective manner for the development of the country.
This is mainly because of varied constraints in the process of putting the indicators of good governance into practice particularly at the levels of the local governments and their municipalities. As a result, there are growing threats in a delivery of efficient and effective public services to the community and in ensuring sustainable development. When we came to the Addis Ababa city administration, municipalities, the present condition the leadership roles in solving the challenges of good governance is inadequate.
There are challenges in realizing the principles of good governance in the municipalities. Specifically, an existence of rent seeking thinking in the delivery of municipal services, non-uniform or discriminatory application of laws, regulations, and policies in the process of municipal service provision and less commitment to the leadership of the municipalities are among the major constraints.
In addition, lack of commitment of the employees, lack of filling positions with a qualified and competent workforce, and lack of published performance standards are among the challenges that are given less emphasis. Moreover, lack of budget that helps to provide training on the principles of good governance, lack of sufficient understanding, both from the employees and the leadership side, on the principles of good governance, are some of the common challenges that the municipalities have been facing.
To curb challenges government launched a number of process re-engineering and training programs to improve skills and ensure appropriate implication capacity fanatical mobilization inflation problem, rain dependency, under performance of the industrial sector and deep renewal evaluation are good practices.
According to PASDEP leadership management and organization implement mobilization of domestic resource, good governance industrialization and social sector of instructor implement is taken as the solution in a countries political and economic growth and stability for this and others some basic question to be answered. Objective of the paper 4. General Objective The main objective of the paper is to assess and analyze the role of government leadership and stakeholders in solving the challenges of good governance in Addis keema sub- city administration, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; so as to forward some workable recommendations.
General Objective The main objective of the paper is to assess and analyze the role of government leadership and stakeholders in solving the challenges of good governance in Addis ketema sub- city administration, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; so as to forward some workable recommendations. Scope of the Study Due to time and resource constraints, the research will not be based on the comprehensive study of all government leaders and stakeholders roles in solving the challenges that society has been comforting in the contemporary world.
It did not also include all administrative Sub-cities in Addis. The Significance of the study After many years of neglect, most developing countries now appreciate the leadership for the government bureaus. Studies on applicability, necessity and the role of leadership development are therefore increasing. The present study attempts to add to the existing ones by probing into the role of government leadership and stakeholders in solving the challenges of good governance in Ethiopia.
Good governance is the key to development and prosperity. Effective, stable, and accountable governments are essential in the fight against poverty.
It is the critical factor in poverty reduction as well as in achieving development objective in its right. However, the current challenges associated with good governance are unbearable due to factors such as corruption, bad governance, economic crisis, and poor service delivery among others. In our country Ethiopia, the struggle to alleviate poverty and improve the living condition of their people, researches which have been conducted on good governance have an imperative place.
Hence this study will be significant in many ways. It can provide stakeholders at all levels to acknowledge the best alternatives for promoting good governance. On the other hand, on the community side, it is greatly observed that low or minimal participation, lack of awareness, mistrust of the public sector, passiveness or lack of the culture of civic engagement and low capacity of communities towards participating and implementing to bring good governance and social accountability.
Finally, this research will give insight information on challenges of good governance and the determinants behind in promoting good governance and democracy. At last, this research can be used as an input for who can conduct further research on similar areas by identifying gaps pertinent to good governance in the country. Leadership is the process of making sense of what people are doing together so that people will understand and be committed Drath and Palus, While Schein leadership is the ability to step outside the culture to start evolutionary change processes that are more adaptive.
Leadership is a process of giving purpose meaningful direction to the collective effort and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve the purpose Jacobs and Jaques, Leadership can be seen as an ability of a person s to influence a group of other people toward the achievement of targeted goals of an organization. However, the term leadership has been defined by different authors and in different ways: such as Goddard Tim leadership as the act of working with a group of individual to achieve communal goals.
Leadership involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person or group over other people or groups to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organization Yukl, and House, , defined leadership as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organization. Leadership is the process that influences the behavior and daily activities of others' effort towards the achievement of goals in a given situation.
As to Hemphill , leadership is the initiation of a new structure of procedure for accomplishing the organizations' goals and objectives. According to Halpin , a successful leader contributes to group objectives and their relationship.
Davis also states that leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically; the human factor binds a group together and motivates it towards its goals.
McGregor defined leadership as leaders and followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and motives; the wants and needs, the aspiration and expectation of both leaders and followers. From the above definitions, we can understand that leadership is thus inseparable from the followers' needs and goals as it occurs in a group.
Like other human activities, leadership is difficult to pin down Wossenu, In this regard, leadership is a concept that does not have yet universally accepted definition rather it is agreeable in working definition by scholars who work in the field. Similarly, Yukl said that the term leadership is taken from the common vocabulary and incorporated in the technical vocabulary of a scientific discipline without being precisely refined which resulted from confusion in its meaning.
However, a working definition may help us to have a common understanding. Leithwood and Riehl cited in Wossenu; noted that at the core of most definitions of leadership are two functions; these are providing direction and exercising influence. Wossenu on his part stated that leaders mobilize and work with others in order to achieve the common goals.
To this end, leadership is an influential process in supporting others to work enthusiastically at the aim of shared goals or objectives.
In the study of leadership, it is important to have a concern about similarities and differences between leadership and management. Leadership is frequently seen as an aspect of management, with real leaders often characterized as charismatic individuals with visionary and the ability to motivate and enthuse others — even if they lack the managerial or administrative skills to plan, organize effectively or control resources.
On this basis, it is often argued that managers simply need to be good at everything that leaders are not Wossenu, Leadership is believed that where you need to go with a clear vision and sharing that vision to create a common purpose with staff and stakeholders. And it is also the ability to entrust the followers towards a definite goal.
Management is a complex task that involves the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the organizational operation to realize certain goals. Organizational performances depend to a large extent, on how resources are allocated and management's ability to adapt changing conditions. But leadership can exist in both organized and not organized groups. Both managers and leaders have the power to influence other people.
However, most management positions provide opportunities to engage in leadership. Although different stakeholders exist in a school, a principal is a prominent figure who has the power to influence others.
Principals are supposed to have the capacity and skills of managing the staff members and available resources to academic achievements. And they should also use interchangeably their leadership power and managerial skill to cover their irreplaceable roles and importance in educational leadership. In addition, school leaders should be familiar with their functions to perform for school improvement and they are also expected to follow different leadership styles for their effectiveness.
Good leaders are informed by and communicate clear sets of personal and educational values which represent their purposes for the school Day; Leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience.
This guide will help you through that process. To inspire your workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things you must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they are NOT resting on their laurels.
This definition leaves out various important components in leadership such as multi-directional, reciprocal influence Yukl, and persuasion or example Gardner, Employing this definition within the African context would additionally be folly based on the fact that it focuses on a premise of leadership in a willing population which can only exist in a fairly successful democracy.
That cannot be said of all African states. Bogardus captures leadership broadly to mean both a personality phenomenon and a social process involving a number of persons in mental contact in which one person assumes dominance over the others and organizes their activities to move in a specific direction, changes their attitudes and beliefs and at every stage the followers exert influence, often a changing counter-influence, upon the leader Bogardus, A complimentary definition is given by Daniel Moi who states that leadership is the dynamic and catalytic ability of an individual or a group to liberate, engage and direct the constructive endeavors of a people for the betterment of individuals or whole communities, for their material prosperity and for their socio-cultural uplift, spiritual peace and mental productivity Moi, More specifically and based on this general background, political leadership is a part of a multi causal social process that brings about concrete political outcomes Greenstein, In this regard, leaders mobilize a significant number of followers to accept their diagnosis and policy prescriptions for collective problems or crises Masciulli, and both leader and followers are in the end affected by what they create Rousseau, A combination of these approaches gives a flexible definition of political leadership that could very easily fit any leadership style in Africa.
Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is an ongoing process by which leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation; it basically converts followers into leaders and leaders into moral agents Burns, Such a leader moves the follower beyond immediate self-interests through idealized influence charisma , inspiration, intellectual stimulation, or individualized consideration Bass, This heightening of awareness requires a leader with vision, self-confidence and inner strength to argue successfully for what he sees as right or good not for what is popular or acceptable according to the established wisdom of time Bass, Nelson Mandela, the first black president of post-apartheid South Africa is one leader who very easily makes the cut of transformational leadership.
All these are mirrored in Mandela's leadership in South Africa, during and after apartheid. One only needs to listen to broadcasts from around the globe about Nelson Mandela's example of influence in their individual trajectories. These include citizens of South Africa, political leaders such as Barack Obama Obama, , spiritual leaders such as the Dalai Lama Dalai Lama, and even sporting organizations such as FIFA testament to the broad appeal of the principles he exemplified Obhi.
Leaders with inspirational motivation challenge followers with high standards communicate optimism about future goals and provide meaning for the task at hand. Nelson Mandela had a clear vision of a South Africa free from apartheid and was able to portray this vision despite his 27 years of incarceration by the same regime. He communicated this vision clearly to the people of South Africa and the world over, a vision that was realized as a result of among other things, this inspiration Obhi.
Transformational leadership style should also have a component of intellectual simulation whereby the leader encourages the followers to challenge the status quo and drive them towards innovation and creativity Avolio, Mandela's reconciliatory approach to fighting apartheid was creative in that he sought to have a South Africa that was free from apartheid and saw the equality of all races.
This resulted in an effective regime change without causing disharmony among the races Obhi. Mandela spearheaded the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which sought to heal the nation after the nation's long period under the apartheid regime. Through this, he recognized the ability of South Africans to live in harmony despite their differences and scarred past Obhi.
This ideal form of leadership is without a doubt what the African continent needs in order to change the status quo on the continent. Additionally, such leadership should be emulated by young people seeking to be leaders. Participative Leadership Participative leadership involves efforts by a leader to encourage and facilitate participation by others in making important decisions Yukl, This type of leadership focuses on consultation, consensus building through public forums and even referendums.
Discussing the appropriateness and or lack thereof, of veil piercing in modern corporate governance. As stated in the foregoing section, this dissertation has a very global outlook and does not look into any jurisdictional practices of corporate governance or corporate finance law.
Background and rationale of the study. Corporate governance is a recent concept that encompasses many issues like internal control, rights and relation with stakeholders, social responsibility of the business, structure and role of the management committee, management transparency refers to the disclosure of all reliable and relevant information and ….
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Identifying the most effective corporate governance strategies and its impact on organizational reputation. StudentShare Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done. Writing your dissertation can seem overwhelming, and if you don't pace yourself, it can be.
The best thing you can do is not wait until the last minute to begin working on it. The more time you have to spend researching and writing, the better your paper will be. Corporate governance trends across the world- comparison of similarities and differences.
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